Metabolic Syndrome

What is metabolic syndrome?

Metabolic syndrome is a group of health problems that include too much Reference fat around the waist Opens New Window Reference Opens New Window, elevated blood pressure, Reference high triglycerides Opens New Window, elevated blood sugar, and low Reference HDL Opens New Window cholesterol.

Together, this group of health problems increases your risk of heart attack, stroke, and diabetes.

What causes metabolic syndrome?

Metabolic syndrome is caused by an unhealthy lifestyle that includes eating too many calories, being inactive, and gaining weight, particularly Reference around your waist Opens New Window Reference Opens New Window. This lifestyle can lead to Reference insulin resistance Opens New Window, a condition in which the body is unable to respond normally to insulin. If you have insulin resistance, your body cannot use insulin properly, and your blood sugar will begin to rise. Over time, this can lead to Reference type 2 diabetes Opens New Window.

What are the symptoms?

If you have metabolic syndrome, you have several disorders of the metabolism at the same time, including obesity (usually around your waist), high blood pressure, low HDL cholesterol, and resistance to insulin.

Why is metabolic syndrome important?

This syndrome raises your risk for Reference coronary artery disease Opens New Window (CAD), even beyond that caused by high LDL cholesterol alone.^{Reference 1}

What increases your chance of developing metabolic syndrome?

The things that make you more likely to develop metabolic syndrome include:^{Reference 1}

• Insulin resistance. This means that your body cannot use insulin properly.
• Abdominal obesity. This means having too much fat around your waist.
• Age. Your chances of developing metabolic syndrome increase as you get older.
• Lack of exercise. If you do not exercise, you are more likely to be obese and develop metabolic syndrome.
• Hormone imbalance. A hormone disorder such as Reference polycystic ovary syndrome Opens New Window (PCOS), a condition in which the female body produces too much of certain hormones, is associated with metabolic syndrome.
• Family history of type 2 diabetes. Having parents or close relatives with diabetes is associated with metabolic syndrome.
• A history of diabetes during pregnancy (Reference gestational diabetes Opens New Window).
• Race and ethnicity. African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, Asian Americans, and Pacific Islanders are at higher risk than whites for type 2 diabetes.

How is metabolic syndrome diagnosed?

Your doctor can diagnose metabolic syndrome with a physical exam, your medical history, and some simple blood tests.

You may be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome if you have three or more of the risk factors listed in the table below. Note: These criteria were developed by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Other organizations may have different criteria for diagnosis.

How is it treated?

The main goal of treatment is to reduce your risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) and diabetes. The first approaches in treating metabolic syndrome are:

• Weight control. Being overweight is a major risk factor for CAD. Weight loss lowers LDL cholesterol and reduces all of the risk factors for metabolic syndrome.
• Physical activity. Lack of exercise is a major risk factor for CAD. Regular exercise can help improve cholesterol levels. It can also lower blood pressure, reduce insulin resistance, lower blood sugar levels, and improve heart function.
• Assessing risk category for CAD. After your risk is determined, treatment to lower LDL to appropriate levels can begin along with treatment of other metabolic risk factors, including high blood pressure and insulin resistance.

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