--- title: "emailbased nudges to reduce postoperative opioid prescribing | Sutter Health" description: "Evaluating the effectiveness of email-based nudges to reduce postoperative opioid prescribing: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial" url: "https://www.sutterhealth.org/research/publications/emailbased-nudges-to-reduce-postoperative-opioid-prescribing-1055312819" --- 1. [Home](https://www.sutterhealth.org/) / 2. [Research](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research) / 3. [Research publications](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research/publications) / 4. emailbased nudges to reduce postoperative opioid prescribing # Evaluating the effectiveness of email-based nudges to reduce postoperative opioid prescribing: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial _BMJ Open_ 2022-09-19 ## Abstract Introduction: Surgical patients are commonly prescribed more opioids at discharge than needed to manage their postoperative pain. These excess opioids increase the risks of new persistent opioid use, opioid-induced ventilatory impairment and opioid diversion. This study tests the effectiveness of two behavioral nudges, one based on peer behavior and one based on best practice guidelines, in reducing excessive postoperative opioid prescriptions. Methods and analysis: The study will be conducted at 19 hospitals within a large healthcare delivery system in northern California, USA. Three surgical specialties (general surgery, orthopedic surgery and obstetric/gynecological surgery) at each hospital will be randomized either to a control group or to one of two active intervention arms. One intervention is grounded in the theory of injunctive norms, and provides feedback to surgeons on their postoperative opioid prescribing relative to prescribing guidelines endorsed by their institution. The other intervention draws from the theory of descriptive norms, and provides feedback similar to the first intervention but using peers' behavior rather than guidelines as the benchmark for the surgeon's prescribing behavior. The interventions will be delivered by a monthly email. Both interventions will be active for twelve months. The effects of each intervention relative to the control group and to each other will be tested using a four-level hierarchical model adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing. Ethics and dissemination: Using behavioral nudges rather than rigid policy changes allows us to target excessive prescribing without preventing clinicians from using their clinical judgement to address patient pain. All study activities have been approved by the RAND Human Subjects Protection Committee (ID 2018-0988). Findings will be disseminated through conference presentations, peer-reviewed publications and social media accounts. ![Xiaowei (Sherry) Yan, Ph.D.](https://dyn.mktgcdn.com/p/NTWox_hkmxIRiqJEc5PXKeBkfR_WMtpSQbEI4J69Xls/fit=crop,gravity=auto,dpr=2,width=188,height=250,quality=100) Xiaowei (Sherry) Yan, Ph.D. Principal investigator [View profile](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research/investigators/xiaowei-sherry-yan-phd-1049681042) ## Research topics - [Pain](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research-search-results?query=%22%5C%22Pain%5C%22%22) - [Addiction Pharmacology](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research-search-results?query=%22%5C%22Addiction+Pharmacology%5C%22%22) - [EHR Data](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research-search-results?query=%22%5C%22EHR+Data%5C%22%22) ## Related publications [View all publications](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research-search-results?verticalKey=research_publication) - Publication ### [The Effect Of Clinician Feedback Interventions On Opioid Prescribing](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research/publications/effect-of-clinician-feedback-opioid-prescribing-1055312800) Health Affairs 2022 Mar 01 - Publication ### [How Physician Self-Perceptions Affect the Impact of Peer Comparison Feedback on Opioid Prescribing](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research/publications/physician-self-perceptions-impact-on-opioid-prescribing-1055312847) American Journal of Medical Quality 2023 Apr 05 - Publication ### [Clinician Perceptions of Receiving Different Forms of Feedback on their Opioid Prescribing](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research/publications/clinician-perceptions-of-receiving-different-feedback-1055312905) American Journal of Medical Quality 2022 Dec 29 - Publication ### [Disparities in emergency department and urgent care opioid prescribing before and after randomized clinician feedback interventions](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research/publications/disparities-in-emergency-department-opioid-prescribing-1055312860) Academic Emergency Medicine 2023 Mar 06 - Publication ### [A shared medical appointment on the benefits and risks of opioids is associated with improved patient confidence in managing chronic pain.](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research/publications/shared-med-appt-opiods-pt-manage-chronic-pain-1055312349) Romanelli RJ, Dolginsky M, Byakina Y, Bronstein D, Wilson S. J Patient Exper 2017 May 8:1-8. doi: 10.1177/2374373517706837. 2017 May 08 [View all publications](https://www.sutterhealth.org/research-search-results?verticalKey=research_publication) ```json {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"MedicalOrganization","name":"Sutter Health","@id":"https://www.sutterhealth.org/#medicalorganization","url":"https://www.sutterhealth.org","logo":"https://www.sutterhealth.org/static/images/sutter-health-logo.svg","address":{"@type":"PostalAddress","streetAddress":"2200 River Plaza Drive","addressLocality":"Sacramento","addressRegion":"CA","postalCode":"95833","addressCountry":"US"},"areaServed":{"@type":"AdministrativeArea","name":"California"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/SutterHealth","https://www.instagram.com/sutterhealth/","https://x.com/SutterHealth","https://www.youtube.com/sutterhealth","https://www.linkedin.com/company/sutter-health","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutter_Health"]} ``` ```json {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://www.sutterhealth.org/research/publications/emailbased-nudges-to-reduce-postoperative-opioid-prescribing-1055312819#breadcrumblist","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://www.sutterhealth.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Research","item":"https://www.sutterhealth.org/research"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Research publications","item":"https://www.sutterhealth.org/research/publications"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"emailbased nudges to reduce postoperative opioid prescribing"}]} ``` ```json {"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"MedicalScholarlyArticle","@id":"https://www.sutterhealth.org/research/publications/emailbased-nudges-to-reduce-postoperative-opioid-prescribing-1055312819#medicalscholarlyarticle","name":"Evaluating the effectiveness of email-based nudges to reduce postoperative opioid prescribing: study protocol of a randomised controlled trial","headline":"emailbased nudges to reduce postoperative opioid prescribing","abstract":"Introduction: Surgical patients are commonly prescribed more opioids at discharge than needed to manage their postoperative pain. These excess opioids increase the risks of new persistent opioid use, opioid-induced ventilatory impairment and opioid diversion. This study tests the effectiveness of two behavioral nudges, one based on peer behavior and one based on best practice guidelines, in reducing excessive postoperative opioid prescriptions. Methods and analysis: The study will be conducted at 19 hospitals within a large healthcare delivery system in northern California, USA. Three surgical specialties (general surgery, orthopedic surgery and obstetric/gynecological surgery) at each hospital will be randomized either to a control group or to one of two active intervention arms. One intervention is grounded in the theory of injunctive norms, and provides feedback to surgeons on their postoperative opioid prescribing relative to prescribing guidelines endorsed by their institution. The other intervention draws from the theory of descriptive norms, and provides feedback similar to the first intervention but using peers' behavior rather than guidelines as the benchmark for the surgeon's prescribing behavior. The interventions will be delivered by a monthly email. Both interventions will be active for twelve months. The effects of each intervention relative to the control group and to each other will be tested using a four-level hierarchical model adjusted for multiple hypothesis testing. Ethics and dissemination: Using behavioral nudges rather than rigid policy changes allows us to target excessive prescribing without preventing clinicians from using their clinical judgement to address patient pain. All study activities have been approved by the RAND Human Subjects Protection Committee (ID 2018-0988). 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