Cesarean Birth: What to Know

Every birth is unique and sometimes plans change. If your baby needs to be delivered by cesarean — whether planned or unexpected — understanding why and how it happens can help you feel more confident and prepared.

A cesarean birth means your baby is delivered through incisions in the abdominal wall and uterus instead of through the vagina.

Some cesarean births are planned when it’s known before labor that a vaginal delivery is not recommended for the safety of the mother or baby. Many, however, are unplanned and happen because of events during labor that make a vaginal delivery unsafe.

Because many cesarean births are not planned, it’s a good idea to talk with your healthcare provider or childbirth educator ahead of time. Learn about the procedures your hospital follows so you feel more prepared if the situation arises. 

Common Reasons for Cesarean Birth 

• Abnormal position of the baby: Instead of the baby’s head presenting first in the pelvis with the chin tucked inward, the presenting part may be the head extended outward, the shoulder, bottom (breech) or legs.
• Abruptio placentae: The placenta partially or completely separates from the uterine wall before the baby is born. This is an emergency and requires an immediate cesarean to prevent hemorrhage and loss of the baby’s oxygen supply.
• Cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD): The baby’s head will not fit through the pelvis. This diagnosis may also be used when labor fails to progress, such as in prolonged labor, extended time since rupture of membranes or weak contractions.
• Fetal distress: The baby is not receiving enough oxygen. This may be indicated by an abnormal fetal heart tracing or a drop in the heart rate during or after a contraction.
• Placenta previa: The placenta partially or completely covers the cervix. If the cervix is fully covered, a cesarean is necessary because the placenta would deliver first, cutting off the baby’s oxygen supply.
• Prolapsed cord: The umbilical cord slips into the vagina ahead of the baby, often after the membranes rupture. This is an emergency and requires immediate cesarean delivery to prevent compression of the cord and loss of oxygen. 

A good way to become more familiar with cesarean birth is to attend a class. Check with your hospital to see if one is offered.